Expansion of industrial capitalism

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France industrialised in around the 1840s. Several reasons explain its backwardness:

• The French Revolution brought instability that did not allow for invest money in industry.
• There were many small landowners and that did not make people move to towns. Hence an industrial workforce was not created.
• oThere were many family-owned industries which could not update their production means.

Germany developed quickly after the Zollverein (1834), which involved the end of the customs duties within the German Confederation.

• That common-trade area had many more raw materials to supply industry, but it also increased imbalances among the German states.
• The different German states sponsored the industrial development and  banking played an important role.

Italy developed thanks to the German industrial growth. Most of the industry settled in the north of the peninsula and the south remained backward.

Industrialisation in Belgium was strongly linked to Great Britain and became the main continental port for Britain's products.

The USA had a late but quick industrialisation process:

• They managed to compete with English products very early.
• Their main disadvantage was a lack of workforce since the west was being conquered at the same time.
• Production was highly mechanised due to thislack of people.
• The construction of the railway allowed the creation of a national market.
•  Industry grew a lot after the American Civil War (1861-1865) since the agricultural areas lost their importance.

In Southern Europe, industrialised regions and areas that remained rural coexisted. Eastern Europe did not industrise until until well into the 20th century.